COMMON POISONINGS - THEIR SYMPTOMS,DIAGNOSIS' AND ANTIDOTES

Substance

Source

Symptoms

Post Mortem Changes

Diagnosis

Antidote

Ammonia and Urea

Fertilizers and urea feeding

Pulmonary oedema, colic, groaning,

staggering, dysponea, jugular pulse and death

Haemorrhagic patches on mucous membranes of stomach and intestines with oedema and ulceration

Chemical analysis of

stomach contents

Cattle:

orally: 0.5 . 1 gallon of 5% Acetic acid

Arsenic

Colouring agents,insecticides, anthelmintics,baits, weedicide,fungicide,

sheep dips, wood

preservative

Per acute. Sudden death

Acute. Salivation, thirst, colic,diarrhoea often with blood,Collapseand death

Sub acute: - Anorexia, depression,paralysis of hind quaners, trembling,cold extrimities,proteinuria andhematuria

Rose red inflammation of  GIT, Liver kidney and heart

Analysis of rectal

faeces, Urine, Liver

tissue, hair and hooves.

Sodium thiosulphate (oral. as well as.I.V.) Cattle/Horses:-IV. : 8-10 gm in a 10-20% solution

Oral: 20-30 gm in 300 ml water

Sheep/goat-I.V. : 2 gm in 10% solution

Oral: 5 gm in 20.30 ml water

Copper

Fungicide, moluscicide,copper piping, salt licks

Acute. Salivation, diarrohea with mucous and green 10 colour

Chronic. Haemoglobinuria, icterus and epistaxis

Acute: – Congestion of spleen, liver and kidney. Blood is found to have coagulated at time of death.

Chronic: - Generalized icterus,hepatomegaly, gallbladder distended with thick ,greenish brown bile. Kidneys enlarged and show haemorrhagic mottling.Spleenomegaly and deep brown to black in Colour.Blood is Chocolatecolour

Faecal, Kidney and liver

analysis

Sheep:

Oral: 5-500 mg Ammonium molybdete

0.3 –1 gm Sodium sulphate daily for 3 3 weeks

Cyanides

Stunted, wilted or damaged

plants

Salivation, convulsions, jerky

movements of eyeball and respiratory

distress

Congestion of blood vessels especially in lungs,with unclotted

and bright red colored blood.Typical smell of bittr almonds on

opening the abdomen.

Rumen or stomach

contents, liver and

muscles

Sodium nitrite and Sodium thiosulphate as

subcuteneous Injection.

Cattle: Sodium nitrite 3 gm and sodium

thiosulphate 15gm in 20 ml of distilled water

Sheep: Sodium nitrite 1 gm and sodium

thiosulphate 2 gm in 15 ml of distilled water

Lead

Paints, vehicle exhaust,

fungicide, battery plates

Bellowing, staggering, rolling eyes,

froathing, convulsivephases with

blinding and head banging.

Dirty grey-red colo

muscles,

Inflammation of ab( masum and

intestines. Renal danage is severe

in sheep, epicardiahaemorrhages

Lead content of blood,

faeces, kidney conex

Sodium Calcium edetete

Cattle/Sheep: - 75mg/kg body wt daily by

slow LV. route. In acute cases continue

treatment for 3-4 days.

Mercury

Ointments, antifungals

Violent gastro enteritis and acute

nephritis

Analysis of stomach,

,liver and kidney

contents

BAL (Dimercaprol) 5% mixture in a 10% solution of benzoyl benzoate in arachis oil

CattJe/Sheep : IM. Dose- 3mg/kg body wt For 1st 2 days, every 4 hrs.3rd day every 6 hrs followed by twice daily for 10 days

Nitrate and Nitrites

Artificial manures, well water,machine oils, soils in excess of nitrates

Colic, diarrohea, muscle weakness,incoordination, convulsions,progressive cyanosis, coma and death

Darkdiscoloured tahy blood

Stomach and intestinal

content analysis, Serum

nitrate levels

Methyline blue 4% solution

Cattle/Sheep : I.V. dose: 9 mg/kg body weight May be repeated in severe cases

Organophosphorus

compounds

Insecticides, pesticides and ectoparasiticidals

Salivation, dyspnoea, diarrhoea, muscle stiffness, constriction of pupils

Atropine Cattle: I.V.dose 0.15 mg/kg body weight